在(zai)黨的(de)十八(ba)大提出(chu)“推動(dong)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)(se)低(di)碳，促(cu)(cu)進節(jie)能(neng)減(jian)排，努(nu)力建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設美麗中國(guo)”之后，今(jin)年(nian)(nian)初，國(guo)務(wu)院辦公廳1號文件真正讓(rang)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)(se)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)從業者感(gan)到動(dong)力與(yu)壓力并(bing)存。這(zhe)份由國(guo)務(wu)院辦公廳轉發(fa)、由國(guo)家(jia)發(fa)改(gai)委(wei)和住房城鄉建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設部共同制定的(de)《綠(lv)(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)(se)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)行動(dong)方案》(以下簡稱(cheng)《方案》)，特(te)別指(zhi)出(chu)開(kai)展綠(lv)(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)(se)行動(dong)，推進建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)節(jie)能(neng)，促(cu)(cu)進經濟社(she)會全面、協(xie)調(diao)、可持續發(fa)展，關(guan)鍵要抓好建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)節(jie)能(neng)工(gong)作來(lai)推動(dong)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)(se)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)的(de)發(fa)展；要求城鎮新(xin)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)嚴(yan)(yan)格(ge)落實(shi)(shi)強(qiang)制性節(jie)能(neng)標準，“十二五”期間完成新(xin)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)(se)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)10億平方米，到2015年(nian)(nian)末，達(da)到綠(lv)(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)(se)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)標準要求的(de)城鎮新(xin)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)占比20%。《方案》不(bu)僅(jin)是對(dui)之前發(fa)布的(de)《關(guan)于(yu)加(jia)快推動(dong)我國(guo)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)(se)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)發(fa)展的(de)實(shi)(shi)施意見》的(de)細化，更是來(lai)自政府的(de)莊嚴(yan)(yan)宣(xuan)言(yan)，考(kao)驗我國(guo)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)領域的(de)政治智慧與(yu)減(jian)排決心。
但在(zai)建(jian)筑(zhu)行(xing)業人(ren)士眼(yan)中(zhong)(zhong)，這個(ge)(ge)命(ming)題的一(yi)大部分壓在(zai)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)不起眼(yan)的小(xiao)專業上――包(bao)括“十二五”甚至未來(lai)很(hen)長(chang)一(yi)段時間(jian)，綠(lv)(lv)色建(jian)筑(zhu)塑造(zao)成功與(yu)否與(yu)暖通空(kong)調(diao)特別是中(zhong)(zhong)央空(kong)調(diao)系(xi)統關聯緊密。實現中(zhong)(zhong)央空(kong)調(diao)行(xing)業健(jian)康有序發展，對推動綠(lv)(lv)色、健(jian)康、舒(shu)適的宜居(ju)環境和(he)促進建(jian)筑(zhu)節能都具有重要意(yi)義。這場牽扯到綠(lv)(lv)色建(jian)筑(zhu)與(yu)城市節能改造(zao)的大戲中(zhong)(zhong)，中(zhong)(zhong)央空(kong)調(diao)行(xing)業已預(yu)定了(le)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)主角位置。
數據支持最(zui)能說(shuo)明(ming)問題。據悉，國家(jia)信(xin)(xin)息中(zhong)(zhong)心市場(chang)信(xin)(xin)息處等行(xing)(xing)(xing)業組織(zhi)和媒體曾對長沙(sha)、重(zhong)慶和北京等地中(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)空(kong)(kong)調(diao)系統(tong)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)考(kao)察和調(diao)研，結果令人驚訝。長沙(sha)對公(gong)共(gong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)節能檢測，并對包括(kuo)大(da)型(xing)(xing)(xing)商場(chang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)、大(da)型(xing)(xing)(xing)綜合商廈、大(da)型(xing)(xing)(xing)賓館飯(fan)店建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)、大(da)型(xing)(xing)(xing)通信(xin)(xin)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)、大(da)型(xing)(xing)(xing)醫療衛生建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)、大(da)型(xing)(xing)(xing)商過(guo)場(chang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)以(yi)及大(da)型(xing)(xing)(xing)綜合商務建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)等的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)空(kong)(kong)調(diao)能耗(hao)(hao)水(shui)(shui)平(ping)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)了調(diao)研。統(tong)計顯示(shi)，采用(yong)冷(leng)水(shui)(shui)機(ji)、直燃機(ji)、空(kong)(kong)氣源熱泵系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)型(xing)(xing)(xing)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)中(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)空(kong)(kong)調(diao)的(de)(de)(de)耗(hao)(hao)電(dian)量分布在70300kWh/㎡，是普通住(zhu)宅15倍(bei)之(zhi)多(duo)。其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)，采用(yong)冷(leng)水(shui)(shui)機(ji)組加(jia)電(dian)/熱水(shui)(shui)鍋爐的(de)(de)(de)耗(hao)(hao)電(dian)量最(zui)高，平(ping)均達到236.91kWh/㎡。重(zhong)慶對10棟(dong)公(gong)共(gong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)能耗(hao)(hao)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)了調(diao)研，建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)類型(xing)(xing)(xing)包含商場(chang)、辦公(gong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)和酒店。其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)，商場(chang)空(kong)(kong)調(diao)能耗(hao)(hao)占(zhan)(zhan)商場(chang)能耗(hao)(hao)比(bi)的(de)(de)(de)47.2%；辦公(gong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)能耗(hao)(hao)比(bi)方(fang)面(mian)，空(kong)(kong)調(diao)占(zhan)(zhan)46.7%；酒店能耗(hao)(hao)比(bi)方(fang)面(mian)，空(kong)(kong)調(diao)占(zhan)(zhan)50.7%。根據北京制冷(leng)學會提(ti)供的(de)(de)(de)調(diao)研數據，商場(chang)占(zhan)(zhan)當地所有公(gong)共(gong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)總(zong)面(mian)積的(de)(de)(de)5%，但其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)采用(yong)中(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)空(kong)(kong)調(diao)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)耗(hao)(hao)電(dian)量占(zhan)(zhan)全市建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)用(yong)電(dian)量的(de)(de)(de)35%。
雖然各(ge)地區統計結果有差異，但上述事例仍可得(de)出結論(lun)(lun)：中(zhong)央(yang)空(kong)(kong)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)能(neng)耗(hao)(hao)最大，且(qie)遠超照明、辦公(gong)設備、電梯等消(xiao)耗(hao)(hao)水平。盡管中(zhong)央(yang)空(kong)(kong)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)在(zai)我國應用程度遠低(di)于家用空(kong)(kong)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)，但前(qian)者增(zeng)(zeng)速(su)(su)卻(que)大有追(zhui)趕之(zhi)勢(shi)(shi)，受到重(zhong)視亦理所應當。資料(liao)顯(xian)示，目(mu)前(qian)國內(nei)約21.5億(yi)平方米的(de)(de)大型(xing)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)使(shi)用中(zhong)央(yang)空(kong)(kong)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)，其(qi)中(zhong)很多已經面臨更新改造。同時，隨(sui)著新建(jian)(jian)(jian)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)面積高速(su)(su)增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)以及城鎮化、智慧城市改造的(de)(de)推進，中(zhong)央(yang)空(kong)(kong)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)新增(zeng)(zeng)需求(qiu)也明顯(xian)提升。無論(lun)(lun)是大型(xing)中(zhong)央(yang)空(kong)(kong)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)還(huan)是家用中(zhong)央(yang)空(kong)(kong)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)，業界判斷其(qi)消(xiao)費需求(qiu)在(zai)未來幾年會呈現遠高于家用空(kong)(kong)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)速(su)(su)度的(de)(de)狀態。因此從能(neng)耗(hao)(hao)層面來看，盡快發展節能(neng)級中(zhong)央(yang)空(kong)(kong)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)并逐步替換低(di)效(xiao)能(neng)產品勢(shi)(shi)在(zai)必行。
然而，實際情況并不(bu)樂觀。據了(le)解(jie)，在發達(da)國(guo)家(jia)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)(yang)空調(diao)能(neng)(neng)耗(hao)占建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)能(neng)(neng)耗(hao)約(yue)半，以建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)能(neng)(neng)耗(hao)占總(zong)能(neng)(neng)耗(hao)35%計算，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)(yang)空調(diao)能(neng)(neng)耗(hao)占總(zong)能(neng)(neng)耗(hao)的(de)比例約(yue)17.5%。我(wo)國(guo)既有建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)總(zong)面(mian)(mian)積已超430億(yi)(yi)(yi)平(ping)方(fang)(fang)(fang)米(mi)，但截至目(mu)前節(jie)(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)總(zong)面(mian)(mian)積僅2.3億(yi)(yi)(yi)平(ping)方(fang)(fang)(fang)米(mi)，采(cai)用高能(neng)(neng)效中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)(yang)空調(diao)的(de)節(jie)(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)更是不(bu)足(zu)1%。每年新增約(yue)20億(yi)(yi)(yi)平(ping)方(fang)(fang)(fang)米(mi)的(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，有消息稱綠色(se)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)比例在3%上下。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)節(jie)(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)協(xie)會節(jie)(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)服務(wu)專委(wei)會表示，目(mu)前我(wo)國(guo)大(da)型(xing)公共建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)占比約(yue)5%，即21.5億(yi)(yi)(yi)平(ping)方(fang)(fang)(fang)米(mi)，多采(cai)用普(pu)通螺桿(gan)機、離(li)心機等(deng)傳統(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)(yang)空調(diao)系統(tong)。如果能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)換(huan)成節(jie)(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)機組(zu)，全國(guo)每個制冷(leng)季(ji)有望省電超過160億(yi)(yi)(yi)度，相當(dang)于1/5個三峽發電站年發電量或1300萬噸標準煤產生的(de)能(neng)(neng)量。
環(huan)境(jing)(jing)與人的(de)(de)(de)和(he)(he)諧(xie)關系正受到越(yue)來越(yue)多國(guo)家和(he)(he)地(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)密切關注(zhu)，不論是(shi)發達國(guo)家還是(shi)發展國(guo)家，目前都在致力于(yu)改(gai)善(shan)居(ju)民居(ju)住環(huan)境(jing)(jing)。其中(zhong)，注(zhu)重(zhong)對節能(neng)中(zhong)央空(kong)調的(de)(de)(de)普及(ji)和(he)(he)應用(yong)是(shi)重(zhong)要一環(huan)。從國(guo)外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)推進經驗(yan)中(zhong)能(neng)夠(gou)得(de)出，節能(neng)型中(zhong)央空(kong)調能(neng)夠(gou)帶來良(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)效(xiao)果，有助(zhu)于(yu)推動“十二五”綠色建筑與節能(neng)改(gai)造的(de)(de)(de)實施(shi)，在未(wei)來擁(yong)有更廣(guang)闊的(de)(de)(de)發展前景。
同時，可(ke)再生能(neng)源與建(jian)筑的結合(he)也將(jiang)為中央空(kong)調系統乃至節能(neng)建(jian)筑發(fa)展提(ti)供(gong)可(ke)實施(shi)的思(si)路。特別是地源熱泵作(zuo)為一種可(ke)再生能(neng)源技(ji)術(shu)具有高效和(he)無污染等特點，在(zai)建(jian)筑節能(neng)工作(zuo)中扮(ban)演了(le)越(yue)來越(yue)重要(yao)的角色。
